Preface
Acknowledgments
List of Clinical Blue Boxes
List of Tables
Figure Credits
1. OVERVIEW AND BASIC CONCEPTS
Approaches to Studying Anatomy
Regional Anatomy
Systemic Anatomy
Clinical Anatomy
Anatomicomedical Terminology
Anatomical Position
Anatomical Planes
Terms of Relationship and Comparison
Terms of Laterality
Terms of Movement
Anatomical Variations
Integumentary System
Fascias, Fascial Compartments, Bursae, and Potential Spaces
Skeletal System
Cartilage and Bones
Classification of Bones
30
Bone Markings and Formations
Bone Development
Vasculature and Innervation of Bones
Joints
Muscle Tissue and Muscular System
Types of Muscle (Muscle Tissue)
Skeletal Muscles
Cardiac Striated Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Cardiovascular System
Vascular Circuits
Blood Vessels
Lymphoid System
Nervous System
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
Medical Imaging Techniques
Conventional Radiography
Computed Tomography
Ultrasonography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Nuclear Medicine Imaging
2. BACK
Overview of Back and Vertebral Column
Vertebrae
31
Structure and Function of Vertebrae
Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae
Ossification of Vertebrae
Variations in Vertebrae
Vertebral Column
Joints of Vertebral Column
Movements of Vertebral Column
Curvatures of Vertebral Column
Vasculature of Vertebral Column
Nerves of Vertebral Column
Muscles of Back
Extrinsic Back Muscles
Intrinsic Back Muscles
Surface Anatomy of Back Muscles
Suboccipital and Deep Neck Muscles
Contents of Vertebral Canal
Spinal Cord
Spinal Nerves and Nerve Roots
Spinal Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Vasculature of Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerve Roots
3. UPPER LIMB
Overview of Upper Limb
Comparison of Upper and Lower Limbs
Bones of Upper Limb
Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
32
Bones of Forearm
Bones of Hand
Surface Anatomy of Upper Limb Bones
Fascia, Efferent Vessels, Cutaneous Innervation, and Myotomes of
Upper Limb
Fascia of Upper Limb
Venous Drainage of Upper Limb
Lymphatic Drainage of Upper Limb
Cutaneous Innervation of Upper Limb
Motor Innervation (Myotomes) of Upper Limb
Pectoral and Scapular Regions
Anterior Axio-Appendicular Muscles
Posterior Axio-Appendicular and Scapulohumeral Muscles
Surface Anatomy of Pectoral, Scapular, and Deltoid Regions
Axilla
Axillary Artery
Axillary Vein
Axillary Lymph Nodes
Brachial Plexus
Arm
Muscles of Arm
Brachial Artery
Veins of Arm
Nerves of Arm
Cubital Fossa
Surface Anatomy of Arm and Cubital Fossa
Forearm
Compartments of Forearm
33
Muscles of Forearm
Arteries of Forearm
Veins of Forearm
Nerves of Forearm
Surface Anatomy of Forearm
Hand
Fascia and Compartments of Palm
Muscles of Hand
Long Flexor Tendons and Tendon Sheaths in Hand
Arteries of Hand
Veins of Hand
Nerves of Hand
Surface Anatomy of Hand
Joints of Upper Limb
Sternoclavicular Joint
Acromioclavicular Joint
Glenohumeral Joint
Elbow Joint
Proximal Radio-Ulnar Joint
Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint
Wrist Joint
Intercarpal Joints
Carpometacarpal and Intermetacarpal Joints
Metacarpophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joints
4. THORAX
Overview of Thorax
Thoracic Wall
34
Skeleton of Thoracic Wall
Thoracic Apertures
Joints of Thoracic Wall
Movements of Thoracic Wall
Muscles of Thoracic Wall
Fascia of Thoracic Wall
Nerves of Thoracic Wall
Vasculature of Thoracic Wall
Breasts
Surface Anatomy of Thoracic Wall
Viscera of Thoracic Cavity
Pleurae, Lungs, and Tracheobronchial Tree
Overview of Mediastinum
Pericardium
Heart
Superior Mediastinum and Great Vessels
Posterior Mediastinum
Anterior Mediastinum
Surface Anatomy of Heart and Mediastinal Viscera
Auscultatory Areas
5. ABDOMEN
Overview: Walls, Cavities, Regions, and Planes
Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
Fascia of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
Muscles of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
Neurovasculature of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
Internal Surface of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
35
Inguinal Region
Spermatic Cord, Scrotum, and Testes
Surface Anatomy of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity
Embryology of Peritoneal Cavity
Peritoneal Formations
Subdivisions of Peritoneal Cavity
Abdominal Viscera
Overview of Abdominal Viscera and Digestive Tract
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Spleen
Pancreas
Liver
Biliary Ducts and Gallbladder
Kidneys, Ureters, and Suprarenal Glands
Summary of Innervation of Abdominal Viscera
Diaphragm
Vessels and Nerves of Diaphragm
Diaphragmatic Apertures
Actions of Diaphragm
Posterior Abdominal Wall
Fascia of Posterior Abdominal Wall
Muscles of Posterior Abdominal Wall
Nerves of Posterior Abdominal Wall
Vessels of Posterior Abdominal Wall
36
Sectional Medical Imaging of Abdomen
6. PELVIS AND PERINEUM
Introduction to Pelvis and Perineum
Pelvic Girdle
Bones and Features of Pelvic Girdle
Orientation of Pelvic Girdle
Pelvic Girdle Sexual Differences
Joints and Ligaments of Pelvic Girdle
Pelvic Cavity
Walls and Floor of Pelvic Cavity
Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity of Pelvis
Pelvic Fascia
Neurovascular Structures of Pelvis
Pelvic Arteries
Pelvic Veins
Lymph Nodes of Pelvis
Pelvic Nerves
Pelvic Viscera
Urinary Organs
Rectum
Male Internal Genital Organs
Female Internal Genital Organs
Lymphatic Drainage of Pelvic Viscera
Perineum
Fasciae and Pouches of Urogenital Triangle
Features of Anal Triangle
Male Urogenital Triangle
37
Female Urogenital Triangle
Sectional Imaging of Pelvis and Perineum
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
7. LOWER LIMB
Overview of Lower Limb
Development of Lower Limb
Bones of Lower Limb
Arrangement of Lower Limb Bones
Hip Bone
Ilium
Femur
Patella
Tibia and Fibula
Bones of Foot
Surface Anatomy of Bones of Foot
Fascia, Veins, Lymphatics, Efferent Vessels, and Cutaneous Nerves of
Lower Limb
Subcutaneous Tissue and Fascia
Venous Drainage of Lower Limb
Lymphatic Drainage of Lower Limb
Cutaneous Innervation of Lower Limb
Motor Innervation of Lower Limb
Posture and Gait
Standing at Ease
Walking: The Gait Cycle
Anterior and Medial Regions of Thigh
Organization of Proximal Lower Limb
38
Anterior Thigh Muscles
Medial Thigh Muscles
Neurovascular Structures and Relationships in Anteromedial Thigh
Surface Anatomy of Anterior and Medial Regions of Thigh
Gluteal and Posterior Thigh Regions
Gluteal Region: Buttocks and Hip Region
Muscles of Gluteal Region
Posterior Thigh Region
Neurovascular Structures of Gluteal and Posterior Thigh Regions
Surface Anatomy of Gluteal and Posterior Thigh Regions
Popliteal Fossa and Leg
Popliteal Region
Anterior Compartment of Leg
Lateral Compartment of Leg
Posterior Compartment of Leg
Surface Anatomy of Leg
Foot
Skin and Fascia of Foot
Muscles of Foot
Neurovascular Structures and Relationships in Foot
Surface Anatomy of Ankle and Foot Regions
Joints of Lower Limb
Hip Joint
Knee Joint
Tibiofibular Joints
Ankle Joint
Foot Joints
Surface Anatomy of Joints of Knee, Ankle, and Foot
39
8. HEAD
Overview of Head
Cranium
Facial Aspect of Cranium
Lateral Aspect of Cranium
Occipital Aspect of Cranium
Superior Aspect of Cranium
External Surface of Cranial Base
Internal Surface of Cranial Base
Walls of Cranial Cavity
Regions of Head
Face and Scalp
Face
Scalp
Muscles of Face and Scalp
Nerves of Face and Scalp
Superficial Vasculature of Face and Scalp
Surface Anatomy of Face
Cranial Meninges
Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater and Pia Mater
Meningeal Spaces
Brain
Parts of Brain
Ventricular System of Brain
Arterial Blood Supply to Brain
Venous Drainage of Brain
40
Eye, Orbit, Orbital Region, and Eyeball
Orbits
Eyelids and Lacrimal Apparatus
Eyeball
Extra-Ocular Muscles of Orbit
Nerves of Orbit
Vasculature of Orbit
Surface Anatomy of Eye and Lacrimal Apparatus
Parotid and Temporal Regions, Infratemporal Fossa, and
Temporomandibular Joint
Parotid Region
Temporal Region
Infratemporal Fossa
Oral Region
Oral Cavity
Lips, Cheeks, and Gingivae
Teeth
Palate
Tongue
Salivary Glands
Pterygopalatine Fossa
Pterygopalatine Part of Maxillary Artery
Maxillary Nerve
Nose
External Nose
Nasal Cavities
Vasculature and Innervation of Nose
Paranasal Sinuses
41
Ear
External Ear
Middle Ear
Internal Ear
9. NECK
Overview
Bones of Neck
Cervical Vertebrae
Hyoid Bone
Fascia of Neck
Cervical Subcutaneous Tissue and Platysma
Deep Cervical Fascia
Superficial Structures of Neck: Cervical Regions
Sternocleidomastoid Region
Posterior Cervical Region
Lateral Cervical Region
Anterior Cervical Region
Surface Anatomy of Cervical Regions and Triangles of Neck
Deep Structures of Neck
Prevertebral Muscles
Root of Neck
Viscera of Neck
Endocrine Layer of Cervical Viscera
Respiratory Layer of Cervical Viscera
Alimentary Layer of Cervical Viscera
Surface Anatomy of Endocrine and Respiratory Layers of Cervical
Viscera
42
Lymphatics of Neck
10. SUMMARY OF CRANIAL NERVES
Overview
Olfactory Nerve (CN I)
Optic Nerve (CN II)
Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)
Trochlear Nerve (CN IV)
Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
Ophthalmic Nerve (CN V1)
Maxillary Nerve (CN V2)
Mandibular Nerve (CN V3)
Abducent Nerve (CN VI)
Facial Nerve (CN VII)
Somatic (Branchial) Motor
Visceral (Parasympathetic) Motor
Somatic (General) Sensory
Special Sensory (Taste)
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)
Somatic (Branchial) Motor
Visceral (Parasympathetic) Motor
Somatic (General) Sensory
Special Sensory (Taste)
Visceral Sensory
Vagus Nerve (CN X)
Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI)
Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)
43
APPENDIX A
INDEX
44
List of Clinical Blue Boxes
1. OVERVIEW AND BASIC CONCEPTS
Integumentary System. Skin Color Signs in Physical Diagnosis; Skin Incisions
and Scarring; Stretch Marks in Skin; Skin Injuries and Wounds
Fascias. Fascial Planes and Surgery
Bones. Accessory (Supernumerary) Bones; Heterotopic Bones; Trauma to Bone
and Bone Changes; Osteoporosis; Sternal Puncture; Bone Growth and
Assessment of Bone Age; Effects of Disease and Diet on Bone Growth;
Displacement and Separation of Epiphyses; Avascular Necrosis
Joints. Joints of Newborn Cranium; Degenerative Joint Disease; Arthroscopy
Skeletal Muscles. Muscle Testing; Muscle Dysfunction and Paralysis; Absence
of Muscle Tone; Muscle Soreness and “Pulled” Muscles; Growth and
Regeneration of Skeletal Muscle
Cardiac and Smooth Muscle. Hypertrophy of the Myocardium and Myocardial
Infarction; Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia of Smooth Muscle
Cardiovascular System. Arteriosclerosis: Ischemia and Infarction; Varicose
Veins
Lymphoid System. Spread of Cancer; Lymphangitis, Lymphadenitis, and
Lymphedema
Central and Peripheral Nervous System. Damage to the CNS; Rhizotomy;
Nerve Degeneration and Ischemia of Nerves