Section I: Theories
1. Cell and Subcellular Organelles 3
• Cell 3
• Lysosomes 4
• Peroxisomes 5
• Mitochondria 5
• Marker Molecules 5
• Transport Mechanisms 5
• Transport Systems 6
2. Enzymology 8
• Enzymes 8
• Nomenclature 8
• Prosthetic Groups, Cofactors and Coenzymes 8
• Enzyme Kinetics 9
• Michaelis-Menten Theory 9
• Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity 10
• Inhibition of Enzyme Activity 11
• Regulation of Enzyme Activity 12
• Specificity of Enzymes 12
• Clinical Enzymology 12
• Enzyme Pattern (Enzyme Profile) in Diseases 14
3. Carbohydrates 15
• Functions of Carbohydrates 15
• Classification of Carbohydrates 15
• Metabolism of Carbohydrates 19
• Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas Pathway) 19
• Cori Cycle (Lactic Acid Cycle) 21
• Rapoport-Luebering Reaction 21
• Gluconeogenesis 22
• Glycogen Metabolism 23
• Blood Glucose Regulation 25
• Glucagon 26
• Glucose Tolerance Test 26
• Diabetes Mellitus 27
• Pentose Phosphate Pathway 29
• Glucuronic Acid Pathway of Glucose Metabolism 30
• Polyol Pathway of Glucose 30
• Fructose Metabolism 30
• Galactose Metabolism 30
• Metabolism of Alcohol 31
4. Proteins and Amino Acids 33
• Amino Acids 33
• Proteins 35
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• Metabolism of Amino Acids 36
• One-Carbon Metabolism 39
• Amino Acid Metabolism 40
5. Lipids 48
• Chemistry of Lipids 48
• Functions of Lipids 48
• Classification of Lipids 48
• Fatty Acids 48
• Oxidation of Odd-chain Fatty Acids 52
• Triacylglycerols 54
• Ketone Bodies 56
• Cholesterol and Lipoproteins 57
• Lipoproteins 59
• Free Fatty Acids 61
• Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 61
• Eicosanoids 62
• Sphingolipidoses or Lipid Storage Diseases 63
• Hypercholesterolemia 63
• Atherosclerosis 64
6. Cellular Energetics 65
• Citric Acid Cycle 65
• High-energy Compounds 67
• Electron Transport Chain 68
• Oxidative Phosphorylation 69
• Chemiosmotic Hypothesis 69
7. Nutrition 71
• Vitamins 71
• Fat-soluble Vitamins 71
• Water-soluble Vitamins 76
• Minerals 83
• Protein Energy Malnutrition 89
8. Tissue Biochemistry 90
• Heme Synthesis 90
• Heme Catabolism 92
• Hemoglobin 94
• Myoglobin 97
• Immunochemistry 97
• Immunity 97
• Immunoglobulins 98
• Acid-Base Balance 100
• Maintenance of Blood pH 100
• Buffers of the Body Fluids 100
• Respiratory Regulation of pH 100
• Renal Regulation of pH 100
• Disturbances in Acid-Base Balance 101
• Plasma Proteins 103
• Transport Proteins 104
• Acute Phase Proteins 104
9. Molecular Biology 105
• Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism 105
• DNA Structure 106
Contents xiii
• Replication of DNA 107
• DNA Repair Mechanism 109
• Transcription and Translation 110
• Mutations 112
• Regulation of Gene Expression 113
• Recombinant DNA Technology 114
• Gene Therapy 115
• Genetic Code 116
• Transfer RNA 116
10. Xenobiotics 118
• Free Radicals 118
• Oxidative Stress 118
• Lipid Peroxidation 119
• Antioxidants 120
• Metabolism of Xenobiotics or Detoxification 120
11. Cancer 122
• Tumors 122
• Cancer 122
• Tumor Markers 123
• Anticancer Drugs 125
• Apoptosis 125
12. Biotechniques 126
• Electrophoresis 126
• Polymerase Chain Reaction 126
• Radioimmunoassay 127
• Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay 127
• DNA Fingerprinting 128
• Tools in Biochemistry Blotting Techniques 128
13. Clinical Chemistry 130
• Liver Function Tests 130
• Renal Function Tests 131
• Gastric Function Tests 134
Section II: Practicals
14. Qualitative Analysis 137
• Scheme for Identification of Important Biological Products 137
• Reactions of Carbohydrates 138
• Color Reactions of Proteins 139
• Reactions of Nonprotein Nitrogenous Substances 140
15. Quantitative Analysis 142
• Introduction to Clinical Biochemistry 142
16. Urine Analysis 143
• Physical Characteristics of Urine 143
• Chemical Constituents of Urine 144
17. Biochemical Pathways 145
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Viva Voce
Viva Voce 153
• Cell and Subcellular Organelles 153
• Enzymology 153
• Carbohydrates 154
• Proteins and Amino Acids 155
• Lipids 156
• Cellular Energetics 157
• Nutrition 157
• Tissue Biochemistry 157
• Molecular Genetics 158
• Cancer 158
• Biotechniques 158
• Clinical Chemistry 158
Appendix 1
Important Topics 159
• Cell and Subcellular Organelles 159
• Enzymology 159
• Carbohydrates 159
• Proteins and Amino Acids 160
• Lipids 160
• Cellular Energetics 160
• Nutrition 160
• Tissue Biochemistry 161
• Molecular Biology 161
• Xenobiotics 161
• Cancer 161
• Biotechniques 162
• Clinical Chemistry 162
Appendix 2
Multiple Choice Questions 163
• Cell and Subcellular Organelles 163
• Enzymology 163
• Carbohydrates 163
• Proteins and Amino Acids 165
• Lipids 167
• Cellular Energetics 169
• Nutrition 169
• Tissue Biochemistry 169
• Molecular Biology 170
• Xenobiotics 172
• Cancer 172
• Clinical Chemistry 172
• Biotechniques 172
Index 173
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