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Contents

1 The Human Body:

An Orientation 27

SUMMARY 47 REVIEW QUESTIONS 48 CRITICAL THINKING AND CLINICAL APPLICATION QUESTIONS 49 A CLOSER LOOK Medical Imaging: illuminating the Body 36

An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology 27

Anatomy 27 Physiology 28 Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology 28

Basic 2 Chemistry 50

Levels of Structural Organization 28

From Atoms to Organisms 28 Organ System Overview 29

Integumentary System - Skeletal System Muscular System.Nervous System. Endocrine System • Cardiovascular System Lymphatic System • Respiratory System. Digestive System • Urinary System • Reproductive System

Concepts of Matter and Energy 50 Matter 50 Energy 51

Forms of Energy Energy Form Conversions

Maintaining Life 33 Necessary Life Functions 33

Maintaining Boundaries • Movement. Responsiveness • Digestion. Metabolism . Excretion. Reproduction

• Growth Survival Needs 35

Composition of Matter 52

Elements and Atoms 52 Atomic Structure 52

The Basic Atomic Subparticles . Planetary and Orbital

Models of an Atom Identifying Elements 54

Atomic Number . Atomic Mass Number . Atomic Weight and Isotopes

The Skeletal System 160

The Language of Anatomy 38

Molecules and Compounds 57 and Tissues 88

Smooth Muscle 126

Nervous Tissue 126 PART I: CELLS 88

Tissue Repair (Wound Healing) 126 Overview of the Cellular Basis

PART II: DEVELOPMENTAL of Life 88

ASPECTS OF CELLS AND Anatomy of a Generalized Cell 89 TISSUES 128 The Nucleus 89 Nuclear Envelope . Nucleolus Chromatin

SUMMARY 130 The Plasma Membrane 90

REVIEW QUESTIONS 133 The Fluid Mosaic Model Cell Membrane Junctions

CRITICAL THINKING AND CLINICAL The Cytoplasm 93

APPLICATION QUESTIONS 134 Cytosol and Inclusions. Organelles

A CLOSER LOOK IV Therapy and Cellular Cell Extensions 97

"Tonics" 105 Cilia and Flagella • Microvilli

A CLOSER LOOK Cancer-An Intimate Cell Diversity 100

Coom. CRITICAL THINKING AND CLINICAL

Cartilaginous Joints 195 APPLICATION QUESTIONS 158

Synovial Joints 195 A CLOSER LOOK A Wrinkle Out of

Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape 196 Time 143

Developmental Aspects of the FOCUS ON CAREERS Medical

Skeleton 199 Transcriptionist 154

Birth to Adulthood 199 SYSTEMS IN SYNC 155

Older Adults 201 SUMMARY 203 REVIEW QUESTIONS 204 CRITICAL THINKING AND CLINICAL APPLICATION QUESTIONS 206

FOCUS ON CAREERS Radiologic Bones: An Overview 160

Technologist 169 Functions of the Bones 161

A CLOSER LOOK Joint Ventures 192

Nervous 1 Issue: >tructure and Muscles

Function 253 Muscle Movements, Roles, and

Supporting Cells 253 Names 222

Neurons 255 Types of Body Movements 222

Anatomy Classification Physiology: Nerve Impulses Special Movements

• Physiology: Reflexes Interactions of Skeletal Muscles in the Body 226

Central Nervous System 265 Naming Skeletal Muscles 228

Functional Anatomy of the Brain 265

Cerebral Hemispheres. Diencephalon Brain Stem Arrangement of Fascicles 228

• Cerebellum Gross Anatomy of Skeletal

Protection of the Central Nervous System 273 Muscles 229

Meninges. Cerebrospinal Fluid . The Blood-Brain

Barrier Head and Neck Muscles 229

Brain Dysfunctions 277 Facial Muscles . Neck Muscles

Spinal Cord 278 Trunk Muscles 232

Gara Mater of the Chinal Card and Chinal Dest PART 1: THE EYE AND

CRITICAL THINKING AND CLINICAL VISION 305

APPLICATION QUESTIONS 332

A CLOSER LOOK Visual Pigments—The Actual Anatomy of the Eye 305

Photoreceptors 311 External and Accessory Structures 305

A CLOSER LOOK Bringing Things into Internal Structures: The Eyeball 307

Focus 315 Layers Forming the Wall of the Eyeball. Lens

FOCUS ON CAREERS Physical Therapy

Assistant 321 Physiology of Vision 313

Pathway of Light through the Eye and Light Refraction 313

The Endocrine Visual Fields and Visual Pathways to the Brain 314

System 334 Eye Reflexes 316

PART II: THE EAR: HEARING AND The Endocrine System and Hormone BALANCE 316

Function-An Overview 335 REVIEW QUESTIONS 361

The Heart 383 CRITICAL THINKING AND CLINICAL

Anatomy of the Heart 383 APPLICATION QUESTIONS 362

Size, Location, and Orientation. Coverings and Walls A CLOSER LOOK Potential Uses

of the Heart for Growth Hormone 342

Chambers and Associated Great Vessels 384 SYSTEMS IN SYNC 358

Heart Valves 387

Cardiac Circulation Physiology of the Heart 390

Intrinsic Conduction System of the Heart: Setting the

Basic Rhythm Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds Blood 363

• Cardiac Output

Blood Vessels 396 Composition and Functions

Microscopic Anatomy of Blood Vessels 396 of Blood 363

Tunics Structural Differences in Arteries, Veins, and

Capillaries Components 364

Gross Anatomy of Blood Vessels 399 Physical Characteristics and Volume 364

Maior Arteries of the Sustemic Circulation. Main

Lymphatic Vessels 425 Lymph Nodes 426 Other Lymphoid Organs 428

PART II: BODY DEFENSES 429 Innate Body Defenses 430

Surface Membrane Barriers 430 Internal Defenses: Cells and Chemicals 432

Natural Killer Cells Inflammatory Response • Phagocytes. Antimicrobial Proteins • Fever

Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System 462

The Nose 463 The Pharynx 464 The Larynx 465 The Trachea 466 The Main Bronchi 466 The Lungs 467

The Bronchial Tree . Respiratory Zone Structures and the Respiratory Membrane

Adaptive Body Defenses 436

Antigens 438 Cells of the Adaptive Defense System: An Overview 438

Respiratory Physiology 471 Mechanics of Breathing 471

Inspiration. Expiration Respiratory Volumes and Capacities 474

Nonrespiratory Air Movements 475 in MetaBoism 2

170 General Metabolic Functions. Cholesterol Metabolism

and Transport Body Energy Balance 523

Regulation of Food Intake Metabolic Rate and Body Heat Production Body Temperature Regulation

PART I: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 489

Anatomy of the Digestive

PART III: DEVELOPMENTAL System 489

ASPECTS OF THE DIGESTIVE Organs of the Alimentary Canal 490

SYSTEM AND METABOLISM 527 Mouth . Pharynx Esophagus . Stomach Small Intestine • Large Intestine

SUMMARY 532 Accessory Digestive Organs 500

REVIEW QUESTIONS 534 Teeth Salivary Glands Pancreas. Liver and Gallbladder

CRITICAL THINKING AND CLINICAL

APPLICATION QUESTIONS 536 Functions of the Digestive System 502

A CLOSER LOOK Peptic Ulcers: "Something

Is Eating at Me" 512 Maintaining Water Balance of Blood 550

Duct System 573 Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments. The Link

Uterine Tubes . Uterus . Vagina between Water and Electrolytes. Regulation of Water

External Genitalia and Female Perineum 576 Intake and Output Maintaining Electrolyte Balance 553

Female Reproductive Functions Maintaining Acid-Base Balance of Blood 555 and Cycles 577 Blood Buffers. Respiratory Mechanisms . Renal

Oogenesis and the Ovarian Cycle 577 Mechanisms

Hormone Production by the Ovaries 579 Developmental Aspects of the Urinary Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle 580 System 557

Mammary Glands 580 SUMMARY 561 REVIEW QUESTIONS 562

Pregnancy and Embryonic CRITICAL THINKING AND CLINICAL

Development 583 APPLICATION QUESTIONS 563

Accomplishing Fertilization 584 A CLOSER LOOK Renal Failure and

Events of Embryonic and Fetal

Development 585 the Artificial Kidney 549

Effects of Pregnancy on the Mother 589 FOCUS ON CAREERS Licensed Practical

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Cardiovascular System
The primary organs of the cardiovascular system
are the heart and blood vessels (Figure 1.2f).
Using blood as a carrier, the cardiovascular system
delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other
substances to, and picks up wastes such as carbon
dioxide from, cells near sites of exchange. White
blood cells and chemicals in the blood help to
protect the body from such foreign invaders as
bacteria, viruses, and tumor cells. The heart propels
blood out of its chambers into blood vessels
to be transported to all body tissues.
Lymphatic System
The role of the lymphatic system complements
that of the cardiovascular system. Its organs
include lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other
lymphoid organs such as the spleen and tonsils
(Figure 1.2g). When fluid is leaked into tissues
from the blood, lymphatic vessels return it to the
bloodstream so that there is enough blood to continuously
circulate through the body. The lymph
nodes and other lymphoid organs help to cleanse
the blood and house white blood cells involved in
immunity.
Respiratory System